Soak the rice for at least 30 minutes.
Cut meat into large cubes. Fry onions in a small amount of oil, then add meat and spices (salt, pepper, turmeric, cinnamon, cardamom). Cook until meat is nearly done, then add rose water, saffron, and tomato paste. Continue cooking until meat is fully done.
Boil rice in water for 10 minutes with a little salt, then drain when half-cooked.
Layer rice and meat in a pot, alternating layers until all ingredients are used.
Top with pistachios, almonds, barberries, and grated orange peel. Cover the pot and let it steam for 25 minutes to fully cook and infuse flavors.
Tip: Use high-quality saffron and rose water for the best aroma and flavor.